We have a lot going on in the College even as we head into fall break at the end of the week. Undergraduate and graduate student teams involved in Business on the Frontlines, Grow Irish, and Innovation and Design Thinking will travel across the globe — from Uganda and Appalachia to Honduras and Nevada — to work on a wide range of projects.

We also have a high level of ongoing research activity, as described in Ken Kelley’s excellent guest column last week. I’m pleased to highlight five recent research papers published in top academic journals:

Chris Bechler, Assistant Professor of Marketing
“Working Hard for Money Decreases Risk Tolerance” (Journal of Consumer Psychology)
The research finds that working harder to earn money increases valuation of earnings and aversion to losing them, resulting in lower tolerance for investment risk. This can help explain why consumers don’t invest enough, especially when times are hard, and provides support for new interventions that facilitate consumers’ accumulation of overall wealth (e.g., those that automatically invest consumers’ income).

Casher Belinda, Assistant Professor of Management & Organization
“A Spillover Model of Dreams and Work Behavior: How Dream Meaning Ascription Promotes Awe and Employee Resilience” (Academy of Management Journal)
Most explanations for the link between sleep and employee behavior are grounded in physiology. However, people also navigate psychological experiences during sleep, and these experiences are often recalled shortly before the start of the workday. This research shows that dreams often spill over to affect employee resilience and goal progress at work, in part due to their capacity to elicit attributions of meaning and waking awe.

John Donovan, Gerspach Family Associate Professor of Accountancy
“Does Recognition versus Disclosure Affect Debt Contracting? Evidence from SFAS 158” (The Accounting Review)
Donovan and co-authors study how recognition of previously disclosed pension liabilities under SFAS 158 affects debt contracting. They find that pension underfunding is associated with a higher cost of debt and a lower use of covenants when underfunding is disclosed. Following recognition, these effects reverse. This evidence contributes to the accounting literature by examining the contracting effects of recognition versus disclosure.

John Shim, Assistant Professor of Finance
“A Theory of Stock Exchange Competition and Innovation: Will the Market Fix the Market?” (Journal of Political Economy)
This paper studies how U.S. stock exchanges compete in the modern electronic era. Exchanges earn profits by selling speed to high-frequency traders, which ultimately come at the expense of investors through higher trading costs. Because of these profits, exchanges are not willing to adopt new, more efficient designs that reduce the value of speed. While implementing such a design would benefit investors, high-frequency traders would not purchase speed: exchange speed profits stand in the way of market design innovation.

Sriram Somanchi, Assistant Professor of IT, Analytics, and Operations
“Exploiting Discovered Regression Discontinuities to Debias Conditioned-on-observable Estimators” (Journal of Machine Learning Research)
Regression discontinuity (RD) designs are widely used to estimate causal effects in the absence of a randomized experiment. Rather than relying on known discontinuities, the researchers developed a method (DEE – discover, estimate and extrapolate) to automatically discover regression discontinuities in observational data. Their method integrates information from multiple discovered discontinuities with an observational estimator and extrapolates away from discovered, local RDs using Gaussian Process regressions. The research demonstrates the performance of their method on two synthetic datasets and shows real-world applicability by estimating spatially heterogeneous treatment effects in the context of a recent economic development problem.

Thank you to Chris, Casher, John D., John S. and Sriram for their work.

I also want to recognize our colleagues who provided tremendous support in managing the aftermath of Monday’s fire in the lower level. They helped to put out the fire, evacuate the building, retrieve and return students’ belongings, relocate classes and communicate with students. Thanks to Kyle Way, Chad Harms, Hank Gettinger, Morgan McCoy, Ron Grisoli, Chad Deweese, Tabitha Kingsbury, Jennifer Brewer, Andy Wendelborn, Lisa Heming, Teresa True and Kari Friestad. (Here’s The Observer story, in case you missed it.)

In Notre Dame,

Martijn

Research that is publishable in the top academic journals, where it will have the most scholarly and reputational impact, often necessitates five things before being further considered: important questions, interesting data, properly designed studies, rigorous analyses and high-quality writing. 

Additionally, the research must also tell a compelling story and help advance the literature in that area, which usually requires a novel finding. Publishing in top-tier journals is challenging, to say the least. It is an incredibly time-consuming process in order to make a significant contribution to the field. Research published in top journals is a valuable but difficult to achieve goal for the College -- one that requires a great deal of our time, talent, and funding resources.

Our faculty who conduct research embrace the challenges of publishing at the highest levels, even though, on any given day, it's easier to find reasons not to work on research. Perseverance is key when working toward successful publication in top-tier journals, which often take multiple rounds of revision with reviewers and editors being critical of the work throughout the process. Indeed, it is easier to recommend rejecting a manuscript under consideration than to provide detailed and helpful feedback on potential improvements for the author(s). From this detailed feedback and editorial guidance, revisions are made so as to improve the contribution. The changes are often documented in a separate document that only the reviewers and editors see explaining how changes were made or why they were not made. Sometimes, responding to reviewer comments leads to a response document that is longer than the manuscript itself! 

Thus, there is an entire “behind the scenes'' effort involved in gaining acceptance at top-tier journals. (Much of this is done after the bulk of the research was done.) All that said, it is also very difficult to publish in good journals that are outside of what the field considers “top-tier.” Many of these “good” journals have similar criteria as the top-tier, often with the goal of being recognized as a top-tier journal themselves. The point is that publishing research in high-quality outlets is not easy. This is a precious resource but one in short supply. 

In June, Notre Dame was welcomed into the American Association of Universities (AAU), a consortium of the nation’s leading research universities, in recognition of our progress as a research university. This significant achievement is a result of the University’s sustained focus on research, which was embraced and accelerated by Father Hesburgh who, among many things, established a research library and increased research funding by a factor of 20. The focus on research is deeply rooted in the College’s history as well, as evidenced by the mission statement created by Dean Jack Keane, which read in part: “Our quest is to advance knowledge through distinguished scholarship and research balanced with inspirational teaching and spirited service.” 

The University’s new strategic plan states, “Notre Dame must be the leading global Catholic research university, on par with but distinct from the world’s best private universities.” The threat to Notre Dame fulfilling this vision is complacency – a point made during the recent President’s Address to Faculty in which Provost McGreevy interviewed the President of the AAU and Duke’s longtime provost. Although our research is strong and our prominence growing, we cannot rest on our laurels. 

The best private universities in the world are the universities with top researchers. These top researchers are thought leaders in their fields and bring their knowledge and what they have contributed to the field into their classrooms. Mendoza aims to be on par with the best business schools in the world and that means we must have the research bonafides that come from thought leaders contributing new findings to existing fields. In fact, Mendoza’s strategic plan has as its first stated goal to “elevate the quality and quantity of impactful research with relevance to business and society.” Mendoza is thus well-aligned with the University’s goals. 

Fulfilling our research mission requires that we hire promising tenure-track faculty in every open assistant professor position or already impactful researchers in tenured positions. Recruiting, hiring and retaining top faculty talent is an ongoing challenge. Conducting faculty searches every year is not the problem: The problem is that every year top schools have searches! We are thus in a competition year in and year out with the best schools in the country. 

For senior faculty hires, usually, there has to be a push from one’s home university and a pull to attract someone to Notre Dame. These researchers are likely already well-ensconced at their home university and potentially deeply embedded in their communities. Just how hard it is to find and then hire top researchers has been one of the most humbling aspects of my role as senior associate dean for faculty and research. Even if Notre Dame is thought of highly by these faculty, even getting to the point of an offer takes considerable effort as we do not want to offer a position to someone unless we are comfortable that they will contribute in meaningful ways. Some hires have taken years of engagement and there is a natural cycle to the hiring cycle closely tied to the academic year. 

A successful research program also requires the use of data in most cases, and accessing high-quality data is another ongoing challenge. At Mendoza, faculty primarily use data from one or more of the following four sources: data vendors that sell archival data, the Mendoza Behavioral Lab, our Data Science Team (e.g., scraping data from online), and partnerships with firms.  

Each data source carries a considerable cost, either monetarily or in effort. Maintaining a behavioral lab requires a full-time professional to manage all aspects of the training, equipment, pay-for-participation; to oversee the institutional review board approval for human subjects research; to work with faculty who require lab participation of students in certain classes; to partner with faculty to ensure the methods implemented are those necessary for the project: and to run the studies themselves and with a team of research assistants. 

Our Data Science Team often is involved when we collect our own data. The team consists of three professionals who work one-on-one with faculty to understand and then implement their unique data needs, often requiring data engineering skills combined with an understanding of the particulars of the research question and data structures. These types of collaborations between faculty and our Data Science Team can lead to more novel datasets for publications. Such efforts are a competitive advantage, as not all universities have such resources available. Alternatively, we can purchase data from data vendors, which is expensive. In the past five years, the College has spent $1.88 million on datasets for research, some of which are also used for teaching. Even using data from firms is not easy. That often takes a champion in the upper echelons of the company as well as legal and non-disclosures agreements. 

Our efforts to improve research have been tremendous, and so, too, has been our success. We will continue to invest heavily in research and we will not become complacent. Our faculty of 150 members consists of 90 tenured, tenure-track, and research professors. Each of our departments is deeply committed to research and I work closely with the department chairs to hire the best researchers that we can for each opening.

I am immensely appreciative of the effort of the department chairs, search committees, and department faculty for their deep engagement when candidates are on campus. For almost every opening, we winnow down more than 100 applications to a small number of viable candidates who are brought to campus to give a research talk and in-person interviews. These campus visits involve substantial faculty time and effort putting our best foot forward. Arrangements are graciously made by our departmental administrative assistants, creating as easy of a visit for our candidates as possible. 

The amount of time we devote to hiring faculty is considerable, but it is of the utmost importance, as making the wrong hire can be incredibly costly. Every open position is an opportunity to elevate our research and departments by bringing in thought leaders. As former Provost Tom Burish would say, “No university can be better than its faculty.” The world is always changing. Our students need to be influenced by those at the forefront of the various disciplines that combine to form a holistic program with formative experiences and innovation throughout.  

Ken Kelley
Senior Associate Dean for Faculty and Research
Edward F. Sorin Society Professor of IT, Analytics, and Operations

Building a Culture of Encounter in Mendoza  

“We are promoters of a culture of encounter.” Pope Francis

Greetings! As we start another academic year, our University and College communities are coming alive with the energy and enthusiasm of new beginnings. It certainly feels like a time of renewal, where fresh ideas, diverse perspectives and boundless possibilities converge. I hope your fall semester is off to an excellent start.

This summer marked my first full year as the inaugural associate dean for innovation and inclusion here in Mendoza. The role aligns with the College’s larger goals of developing innovative curriculum and formative experiences for our students, elevating our degree programs and creating a culture of encounter among faculty, staff and students. 

I have the good fortune to work closely with Sr. Associate Dean Craig Crossland on innovation in our degree programs, and am exploring the potential for new non-degree programs to further the College’s teaching and research. I am honored to be part of an academic community where each and every individual plays an integral role in these endeavors. In this type of engaged community, we are more likely to see our students succeed and thrive, which also relates to belonging and inclusion. The research shows that how students respond to the question of, “do I belong?” is closely linked to whether they can succeed or thrive there.

As we enter this new academic year, I'm encouraged that students are expressing a deeper sense of inclusion and a strong commitment to creating a welcoming and diverse campus. Our resources in Mendoza allow us to achieve belonging in many ways, including through the visibility of accessible support systems and opportunities that encourage appreciation of diverse perspectives, talents and lived experiences. 

In that spirit, allow me to share some of the amazing things our College community accomplished last year — many of which we will continue this year ,— and how you can be part of them. 

• Programs for faculty and staff that support exclusive excellence in the workplace. Last year’s reading groups for “Relationship-Rich Education” and “Building a Bridge: How the Catholic Church and the LGBT Community Can Enter into a Relationship of Respect, Compassion, and Sensitivity,” were well attended. Mendoza Staff DEI Council will also sponsor a reading group for World Mental Health Day in October. Please join other faculty and staff in reading, ”Why Has Nobody Told Me This Before?” The Mendoza Community Forum: Building a Culture of Inclusion in Mendoza and Beyond, which took place earlier this month, is another example of a program that supports exclusive excellence in the workplace. 
• Social events that highlight the diverse backgrounds of faculty, staff, and students. The College collaborated with the MBA program to offer the first-ever Diversity and Heritage Ball in Spring 2023. With at least 125 faculty, staff and graduate students in attendance and seven different graduate affinity groups celebrated, this event is sure to return in Spring 2024. Keep track of events like this, as well as international holidays, by subscribing to the Mendoza DE&I Calendar using this link.
• Support of undergraduate and graduate student Affinity Groups. Students are pivotal in shaping Mendoza’s inclusive culture through their leadership of student organizations. Last year, we saw the success of Black History Week with the Black Graduate in Management Club, and just last week, there was “A Trip Through Latin America” with the Latin American Club at Mendoza. On the undergraduate side, a new student-led coalition called, The Equity in Business Initiative strives to make sure all students — especially students from underrepresented backgrounds and those unfamiliar with business/business-adjacent roles — know about opportunities on campus.  
• Co-sponsored events that connect faculty, staff and students with other Colleges on campus. Since the creation of the Office of Institutional Transformation, the University has become more intentional about connecting DEI practitioners across campus. This has led to collaboration between colleges and units for DE&I events, such as last month’s A Powerful Conversation with Dr. Glenda Baskin Glover and Dr. Angela Logan, during the TSU-ND football weekend. Stay tuned for other celebratory, cross-campus events like this during Walk the Walk Week, which will run January 16-22, 2024.  Contact me if you are interested in participating in monthly meetings of the University’s DEI Practitioners Group.
• Advancing equal access to business education through innovative recruiting initiatives with Graduate Enrollment. Examples of such recruiting initiatives include the Diversity in Leadership Program and partnerships with the National Pan-Hellenic Council, Inc. Last year, the MBA program welcomed two students from Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate Greek-lettered fraternity for African American men. Mendoza will look to expand other recruiting partnerships with Catholic universities across the globe this year. 
• Formative student experiences that support inclusion in business. The DE&I Grow the Good in Business Case Competition in Spring 2023 drew Mendoza undergraduate, MBA and specialized master’s students to compete for $40,000 with their pitches focused on financial inclusion. Stay tuned for Spring 2024, when we plan to welcome more corporate sponsors and competing students. Judging opportunities will be available for faculty and staff.
• Consistent approach to surveying students about belonging in Mendoza. In 2022, 93% of Mendoza student respondents to the Inclusive Campus Survey strongly agreed (42%), agreed (36%) or somewhat agreed (15%) that they feel a sense of belonging at Notre Dame. But what about those students’ individual sense of belonging, community, and feeling valued within Mendoza? We could benefit from more data on student belonging at the College level.

I don’t take it lightly that the Dean’s Cabinet has trusted me to add perspective on diversity and belonging when discussing issues related to our core mission, as well as to lead our progress toward a culture of encounter as the needs of our students change. Please consider this an open invitation to reach out to me if you would like to discuss anything related to my role or innovation and inclusion in general. I welcome a conversation or your feedback at any time, whether it be in person or through our suggestion boxes. I look forward to another year where our community is strengthened by your support. 

Go Irish!

Kristen

Following up to last week’s column that introduced our new tenured, tenure-track, visiting and research faculty, I’m pleased to focus on our new teaching faculty this week. Below, each person has provided his or her area of expertise and a quote about how they originally became interested in that area.

ACCOUNTANCY

Mike Favorite, Associate Teaching Professor

AREAS OF EXPERTISE: General accounting.

“I'm joining the full-time teaching faculty in Accountancy after nearly 25 years as a concurrent adjunct faculty member. In this role, I will teach primarily undergraduates in 201 (Foundations), 202 (Managerial), and Corporate Financial Reporting. I was fortunate to have an amazing professor for my Intro to Accounting class many years ago: Jim Ward. He was enthusiastic, energetic, and committed to making sure everyone understood the material and how it related to business – for all majors. I try to emulate that philosophy and care for my students in and out of the classroom. It is a great privilege to teach Mendoza students.” 

FINANCE

Jeff Bacidore, Associate Teaching Professor

AREAS OF EXPERTISE: Algorithmic trading, smart routing and trading research.

“I first became interested in quantitative finance when I did my undergraduate senior thesis on the economic impact of hostile takeovers. That single project motivated me to get my Ph.D. in finance and ultimately to spend my career doing research in quantitative trading.”

M&O

Emily Harris, Art, Art History, and Design (A&L) and Concurrent Assistant Teaching Professor

AREAS OF EXPERTISE: Design thinking, public interest design, design research, self efficacy, systems design, women empowerment

“I am passionate about getting students out of the classroom and connected to real world projects to build empathy and provide hands-on experiences. As a researcher, I delve into the intersection of making and adventure, investigating how these realms build self-efficacy, particularly in female identifying individuals. My exploration of this dynamic underscores my dedication to dismantling barriers and empowering marginalized groups through innovative approaches. My commitment to promoting leadership among women is further evidenced by my role as the founder and executive director of She's Rogue, an organization committed to fostering creativity and risk taking.”

MARKETING

Kevin Hartman, Associate Teaching Professor

AREAS OF EXPERTISE: Digital marketing, market research and business analytics.

“I was drawn to digital marketing analytics through my extensive 35-year journey in the digital marketing sector, which began at a private equity-backed incubator and culminated in an 11-year stint at Google. My diverse experiences in between, especially leading an analytics team at a global advertising agency for seven years, solidified my passion for this space. This naturally steered me towards making it my teaching specialty.”

FITZGERALD INSTITUTE OF REAL ESTATE

Mike O’Malley, Executive Director of the Notre Dame Fitzgerald Institute for Real Estate

AREAS OF EXPERTISE: Real estate private equity, distressed real estate investing, and real estate entrepreneurship

"After spending the last 17 years as a partner in a real estate private equity firm, I identified the opportunity to bring the practical application of private real estate investment into the classroom, well before students begin their careers.  It's in this environment that students can not only learn concepts, but also apply them in simulated experiences.  Students gain confidence interacting with leaders in the industry, exploring investment theses and performing investment underwriting, further equipping them to contribute earlier in their careers."

Please join me in welcoming all of them to Mendoza!

In Notre Dame,

Martijn

It was great seeing many of you at the Tom Mendoza Presents panel discussion on Friday, September 1. We had a very enthusiastic and full house in the Jordan for the conversation on “Leadership, Culture and the Power of Diversity” with guests Tom Mendoza, Tennessee State University Head Coach Eddie George, Notre Dame Women’s Basketball Coach Niele Ivey and former Notre Dame All-American Derrick Mayes. 

We also had an unannounced visit from our football head coach Marcus Freeman, who dropped in to greet Coach George and pose for a quick photoshoot. If you missed the event, I highly encourage you to watch the video. 

One of our strategic goals is to elevate the quality and quantity of impactful research with relevance to business and society. Achieving this goal depends heavily on our ability to recruit talented faculty. I’m thus very pleased to introduce the newest members of our faculty community. This week, I’ll focus on our new tenured, tenure-track, visiting and research faculty. Next week, I’ll introduce our new teaching professors. In addition to their areas of research interests, each one also provided a quote about how he or she chose their particular area of study.

ACCOUNTANCY

John Aland, Visiting Assistant Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Financial institutions, financial reporting, equity crowdfunding, voluntary disclosure.

RESEARCH: "My research looks at the behaviors of traditional and non-traditional financial institutions. As an auditor, I developed a deep understanding of the banking industry that has helped inform my research focused on the behavior of these institutions. As I looked more into these institutions, I also developed an interest in how firms fund their operations when traditional sources of financing aren't available, which led me to equity crowdfunding. It has been really interesting getting to make connections with people in the equity crowdfunding industry, and helping to contribute to our overall knowledge about the democratization of financing for startup firms."

Ilona Bastiaansen, Assistant Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Corporate disclosure (mandatory & voluntary), market efficiency, financial distress and bankruptcy.

RESEARCH: “When I was young, my life was profoundly impacted by the financial collapse of the family business. One of the contributing factors to the bankruptcy was the lack of financial acumen of the people involved in the business. This personal experience has been a driving force behind my dedication to instructing in the field of accounting and conducting research related to corporate bankruptcy.”

Lauren Vollon, Visiting Assistant Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Structuring of private M&A contracts and VC investors; disclosure regulation, equity ownership and liquidity.

RESEARCH: “In my research, I study how (unequal) access to financial information affects capital markets and contracting.  Proper information flows between firms and external stakeholders are a necessary condition for any market to optimally function.  Inequality among stakeholders in the access to information and in the ability to process information is an important impediment to information dissemination and thus ultimately to economic development. It is then also a great pleasure for me to teach financial accounting to a broad range of college students and help them become critical users of financial information."

FINANCE

Alberto Martin Utrera, Visiting Assistant Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Empirical asset pricing, financial econometrics and portfolio optimization.

RESEARCH: "I've been passionate about math and numbers since I was a kid. Over time, I became curious about how economic agents interact with each other, which eventually led me into the data-rich field of finance. Now, I focus on developing quantitative methods to improve our understanding of financial decisions."

Emanuele Rizzo, Visiting Assistant Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Empirical corporate finance, financial intermediation, corporate governance, regulation.

RESEARCH: "My research centers on gaining a deeper understanding of how financial institutions operate. Specifically, I focus on three key factors — team dynamics, governance quality and the interconnectedness of financial markets  — and I study how they influence the decision-making processes and behavioral patterns of financial institutions."

ITAO

Francis Bilson Darku, Assistant Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Sequential analytic methods, nonparametric statistics and econometrics, analytics for IT and operations.

RESEARCH: “Collecting data can be costly and time-consuming, but it is crucial for accurate analyses and conclusions. Knowing when to stop data collection and declare sufficiency has therefore been a key question that I try to answer in many different statistical contexts. Hence one of my research areas is to develop stopping rules for sampling data given a desired accuracy level for a particular statistical analysis.”

Alfonso Pedraza-Martinez, Greg and Patty Fox Collegiate Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Humanitarian operations and crisis management, sustainability, operations in emerging markets, global supply chains.

RESEARCH: “I study humanitarian operations and disaster management. Before joining academia, I worked for three years as a humanitarian logistician for the city of Bogota, Colombia. Then I realized I wanted to get a deep understanding of the challenges faced by humanitarian operations and disaster response systems and contribute to finding solutions.”

M&O

Casher Belinda, Assistant Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Emotions, interpersonal perception and communication, close relationships at work.

RESEARCH: “My research focuses on emotions, interpersonal perception and communication, and close relationships at work. My interests in these areas were heavily influenced by my time spent working as a sauté chef at an Italian restaurant.”

Michael Rosenblum, Assistant Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Perceptions of inequality and political discourse.

RESEARCH: “I study both how different forms of inequality (along the lines of gender, race and socioeconomic status) impact interpersonal judgments and how engagement in political discourse shapes both our impressions of others and the way in which we communicate our beliefs. I became fascinated by these topics through his deep interest in politics, as it is the domain of politics through which societal inequalities are created and through which they can be remedied.”

MARKETING

Kristen Ferguson, Assistant Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Creativity and innovation, consumer emotions and social influences. 

RESEARCH: “My research focuses on understanding the influence of creativity and innovation on consumer behavior. I became interested in studying creativity because it is the key factor that drives change and progress. My research influences my approach to teaching, where my goal is to utilize innovative and interactive materials to encourage creative thinking and discourse.”

Andre Martin, Assistant Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Marketing strategy, privacy, firm communication, marketing finance interface.

RESEARCH: “I have always had a passion for problem-solving. After doing so in the tech industry for 15 years I wanted to solve problems that had a greater impact on people's lives and firm strategy. My research looks at the implications of privacy on consumer perception and leverages machine learning, text analysis, and AI to solve marketing/finance and consumer welfare issues.” 

Breagin Riley, Assistant Research Professor

AREAS OF INTEREST: Social justice and consumer behavior, social contracts and market evolution.

RESEARCH: “My research is driven by the idea of ‘putting your money where your mouth is,’ or the extent to which people's consumption behavior supports or reflects their values. I'm lucky to study this in an era when there is abundant data on people's values and how they allocate scarce resources like money and time. My work generally focuses on detecting values-driven shifts in consumption which are predicted by theory, but have historically been difficult to observe.”

Please join me in welcoming our new faculty. My gratitude also to Ken Kelley, senior associate dean for faculty and research, and department chairs Brad Badertscher (ACCT), Shane Corwin (FIN), Rob Easley (ITAO), Ann Tenbrunsel (M&O) and Frank Germann (MARK) for all of their efforts to recruit top faculty.

In Notre Dame,

Martijn